World Conquest Eras

World Conquest 'Deluxe' Eras[]

2024[]

2024, commonly known as "Modern," is a scenario that replaced 2023 to symbolize the years going by. It is often played by lower-ranking players who are drawn to the possibilities of the future; since players prefer historical eras, it is usually ignored by those who are Initiate Conquerors or above.

2024 Scenario[]

2024 starts on January 1st, 2024 AD. The scenario is a modern version of our world; in 2024, the COVID-19 pandemic had subsided, and the global economy has started to rebound from its shocked state. Russian aggression in Ukraine is a main point of the era, and fears of further Russian expansion put the world at the closest point to nuclear annihilation since the Cold War.

In the Middle East and North Africa, the Islamic State is making a resurgence, gaining territory in the Maghreb through its various branches. These branches are engaged in wars against Burkina Faso and Mali, with the aim of reclaiming their former prominence and notoriety. Meanwhile, twelve years after the downfall of Muammar Qaddafi, the Libyan government is grappling with a violent conflict and the challenge of rebuilding state power. Local forces, having seized control of the south-western parts of Fezzan and Cyrenaica, further complicate the situation.

In the Americas, Canada is starting a gradual shift in ideology to the left. The United States of America is beginning to lose its grip on global influence, with its traditional rival Russia and the ever-growing China starting to gain holds of influence in Africa and Asia for themselves. In addition, Mexico is waging an internal drug war and a war against the Neo-Zapatista's rebellions. Further to the south, Peru, Colombia, and Paraguay fight communist insurgencies, which had been going on since before the turn of the century.

2008[]

2008 was a year marked by multiple political happenings transnationally, whereby politics acquired a new change within a series of events, most of which was attributed by the financial crisis that date had seen. For example, in the United States, history was created with the election of a coloured person to become the commander in chief of the country, Barack Hussein Obama, a senator from Illinois. These are his notable political points, and he championed for hope, change and of course, the issues such as handling economic depression, doing (or preventing?) healthcare reforms, concluding the war in Iraq etc. The end of the Bush administration seconds to this President being a young African, Puviership of John McCain and US even more remodeled the him. Only 10% of the republicans were able to withstand ‘Assets Required of a Critic of President Bush’s policy’ and called for a Republican who was against Iraq; That was why only 3rd tier of Republicans supported Obama. Bush made the situation worse with the financial sector, the wars that were carried out in Iraq and Afghanistan and the terrible actions that were followed by the occurrence of the Hurricane Katrina.

During the same period, that is towards the end of the year, the global crisis was caused by certain economic forces which of course had implication on the political field as well. Iceland and some other countries had their banks collapse, as the response aiming at a European scale seemed rather haphazard with more emphasis on the measures to be adopted in the event of such crisis. In that regard, every member nation sought to find a politically significant starting point. Nicolas Sarkozy’s presidency at France, which was vested with rotating EU leadership, also sought finance reform and policies. Gordon Brown's Hull assented to bank bailouts and intervened in the British economy. On the other hand, that year was strife in relation to politics in Billions of people. In Russia, Vladimir Putin had to cut short his presidential tour of duty, at least according to the constitution, but he got the arguably more powerful place of prime minister; the new president was, in deed, Dmitry Medvedev. It was further complicated by the fact that the Russia-Georgian conflict in August damaged the relationships between Russia and the West even more. In other news, the 2008 summer Olympics in Beijing, China shifted attentions of world population to the rising roles of the country as a playing field of global politics even though there were issues regarding Tibet and other human rights matters.

1992[]

1992, also known as "Post-Soviet Collapse," is a scenario that places the player just after the fall of the Soviet Union. The era, like 2024, is often played by lower-ranking members, whereas the medium and higher ranks have a disdain for the era.

1992 Scenario[]

1992 starts on January 1st, 1992 AD. The scenario is immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Multiple factions in Russia fight for power, Ukraine faces an identity crisis with its ethnically Ukrainian and Russian population fighting for influence, and Eastern Europe sees its first freedom in nearly fifty years.

The Balkans, a hotbed of complex conflicts, witnessed the final years of Yugoslavia, with Croatia and Serbia embroiled in a bitter struggle over Bosnia in the Yugoslav wars. The futures of Bulgaria and Romania hang in the balance as recently empowered anti-Communist movements grapple with the question of their nations' future. Meanwhile, Turkey and Greece continue their age-old rivalry for dominance over the Aegean Sea, while pro-independence Kurdish groups challenge the might of the Turkish Republic.

In Africa, Islamic fundamentalist groups have risen to prominence, most notably in Algeria, while Gaddafi's Libya has begun to face a downturn following the N.A.T.O bombings.

In East Asia, a region undergoing significant geopolitical shifts, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan are grappling with a population crisis, as an aging population and technological advancements lead to a declining birth rate and a subdued population. China, also affected by these trends, is experiencing an economic boom thanks to Deng Xiaoping's market reforms that are pulling the country out of decades of isolation and economic depression. The future of East Asia and the question of who will emerge as the dominant player in the region's crucial markets remain open as the era begins.

In the Americas, the United States of America struggles to overcome a series of race riots caused by police violence, government overspending, and a socio-economic scene unfavorable to minority populations. While the USA is unquestionably the global hegemon as of 1992, the future remains unclear. Further to the south, violent drug cartels run rampant in Mexico, Central America, and South America as communist insurgencies, many ongoing for decades, already struggle for power against CIA-backed governments.

1980[]

1980, commonly grouped with other eras as the Cold War, is an era in the middle of political upheaval with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Chinese instability, and a golden age of culture in the West.

1980 Scenario[]

The scenario starts at January 1, 1980 AD. It places you in the late stages of the Cold War; In the Eastern Bloc, the decline of the Soviet Union became more apparent as the drive for personal liberties in Poland came to light. To the east, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan fails to garner much success, bringing fears of a potential Soviet defeat and a radicalized Afghanistan. The status of Russia and the larger Soviet Union by the start of the era has been brought into question with the slightest geopolitical change, potentially usurping the Soviets from their place on the global stage.

The members of the Western world and N.A.T.O. find themselves in a generally peaceful position with the end of the Vietnam War and economic prosperity and personal freedoms prospering throughout the western half regions of Europe. Spain recently transitioned back into a kingdom following the death of Caudillo Francisco Franco, who had led the country since his ascension as head of the Nationalist faction of the Spanish Civil War. While peace prospers in the West, the Iranian Revolution and Saddam Hussein's regime threaten to bring this to an end as 52 American diplomats have been taken hostage by the newly proclaimed Islamic Republic of Iran alongside the Iraqi invasion, which is preparing.

Africa finds itself in a state of growing neo-colonialism as French interests in the Sahara remain high and C.I.A. assets are spread throughout the continent. In the horn, Somalia reels from its defeat in the recent Somali-Ethiopian war, with even the Soviets abandoning the Somalis.

1962[]

1962, also commonly grouped with other eras as the Cold War, begins with the world on the brink of destruction. With American missiles in Turkey and the Soviet Union preparing to station missiles in the newly Communist Cuba, the threat of nuclear destruction puts many fearing for the worst. In Africa, Ian Smith prepares to sign the Unilateral Declaration of Independence for Rhodesia to break free from the British, beginning a series of international incidents.

1962 Scenario[]

In the Eastern Bloc, recently crushed anti-Soviet rebellions in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Baltics empowered the Soviet authorities to maintain their rule over the Bloc. A new revolution brewing in Czechoslovakia again threatens to usurp Soviet authority in the region. A brain drain, a decline in architecture, and the birth of a new generation of Soviet citizens also threaten Soviet influence.

Meanwhile, in the West, the United States was grappling with its own set of challenges. The looming Vietnam War, race riots, and the hippy movement were all internal factors threatening to deconstruct America from within. In Western Europe, the French were on the verge of losing one of their core provinces, Algeria, a conflict that had been raging for nearly 20 years. The inevitable surrender of French authority seemed ever more imminent, adding to the internal and external pressures faced by the Western powers.

For the rest of Africa, 1962 was a year of crucial decisions. The continent was presented with a choice between the east and west, democracy or communism. While some found this decision straightforward, others were willing to die for their preferred ideology. This ideological divide threw much of Africa into turmoil, as newly opened resource-rich markets became a battleground for the east and west. In some cases, the conflict even turned into a proxy war between two members of the same side, further complicating the situation.

In the far east, a recently consolidated Chinese mainland under Chairman Mao Zedong aims to crush any remnants of the Guomindang. Exiled to a small island off the coast of Fujian, Chiang Kai-shek still holds out hope to retake the mainland in Operation National Glory, though to many, this is little more than a dream. No matter who comes out on top, the only losers will be the tens of millions who perish in the wake of victory.

1948[]

1948, also known as Post-World War 2, or Cold War, is a scenario that places you directly at the start of the Cold War. In Europe, after the ashes of the devastating Second World War, the United States enacts the Marshall Plan, which approves billions of dollars of aid to be sent to many countries. Numerous nations around the globe either turn to the Soviets or the United States, as these two powers consistently clash in proxy wars for influence. The formation of huge political alliances continue to add to the already chaotic situation. After the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Soviet's getting their hands on Nuclear Weapons, this is just the start of decades of widespread conflict and aggression.

1948 Scenario[]

This scenario begins on January 1, 1948 AD. Taking a glance at the Western Bloc, the United States and its other European allies have formed a large alliance, significant to the development of the war. The newly formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), formed by the United States and its Western European Allies, is fundamental to the continuation of the Cold War. The formation of the United Nations, an international organization dedicated to peace, provided some relief for anxious individuals. Colonial powers continue to face mounting pressure to give up their possessions, with powers such as the United Kingdom forcing to give up possessions in India and South East Asia. With the ever-growing rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States, the world is extremely close to a third World War.

The decolonization process continues, with Malaysia, and Ceylon gaining independence in the following months. Tensions continue to boil, as in Czechoslovakia, the Communist Party seizes power, with the president of Czechoslovakia stepping down. The date of this coup, dubbed as Victorious February by the Communists, is celebrated until the fall of the regime in 1989. Elsewhere, in Africa, brutal riots continue to take place in British holdings, such as the Gold Coast, which is now Modern-day Ghana.

In Germany, the Soviets and the Allies had agreed to split the nation between their respective countries, doing the same with Austria and the city of Berlin. The Soviets formulated a greedy idea to force the Allies to abandon West Berlin. The Soviets, controlling the territory surrounding Berlin, input a blockade around the city. All ground traffic in and out of West Berlin was cut off. In the clever Allied response, the Berlin Airlift was organized, shipping goods into the city by air instead of land. Following months of this happening, the Soviets eventually gave up their blockade.

Following the division of the Korean Peninsula between the Soviets and the U.S. after Japan's defeat, the recently instated Democratic People's Republic of Korea, a totalitarian, hereditary dictatorship, yearns for the control of all of Korea. Looking south, the Republic of Korea has been formed by the United States, skyrocketing tensions on the peninsula. Inevitably, the North Korean People's Army brutally attacked their Southern Neighbors, in a widely coordinated assault at many strategic points along their border. The war ended in an agreed-upon stalemate, as millions of people had lost their lives by that point.

1942[]

1942, most people were in the middle and engulfed in one of the deadliest war so far, the Second World War. Politics was focused on the alliance formed by the superpower and the opposition. The Axis nations, spearheaded by Italy, Japan and the German’s Nazis, pressed on with invasion into Eastern Europe, the interior of North Africa, and the environs of the Pacific Ocean. The United States’ entry into the conflict had been a year earlier due to the Japanese attack which occurred in December of 1941 and 1942 witnessed increased military production in the country and the United States became one of the leaders of the Allies with New Hebrides, Soviet Union and Mulhouse(Das Wahnsinn). During this time, the issues concerning the resistance of the occupied Europe and the colonial territories continued to heighten.

1942 subdivided additional territory of the Soviet Union to German invaders on the Eastern front to capture. The year of 1939 was the year of Soviet diplomacy as the Soviets waited for ongoing initiatives on the political ladder. It was the year of the alliance that was formed between the US’s allies that brought about the attendance of the Soviet Union in this alliance for the restoration of order in its borders. However, there was an inherent contradiction for the soviets, because even though they were in agreement with the principles of the capitalist world, they knew that the same capitalism will waste a lot of their resources as they wage a war against each other. On the other hand, Hitler went further down the path of Nazi racialism by drawing virtually incomprehensible conclusions about the racial characteristics of the aforementioned nations.

In the same year and area, Japan's expected expansion in 1942 turned into its first defeat as an expanding power, thanks to the Battle of Midway in the summer of the war was seen as a crucial event. In terms of administration, the state of Japan was beginning to advance at greater rates after the fall of its peace truce, and immediate emphasis was placed on establishing the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Intentions of liberators were cloaked to mean containment or control and expansion or colonization of territories in East Asia and the Pacific at the expense of western countries.

1936[]

1936, known also as World War 2, or even Pre-World War 2, drops you in the middle of a world in a state of great political and economic upheaval—mainly in Asia, Europe, and North America. 3 massive totalitarian regimes have sprouted all over the world; that being Japan, Germany, and Italy, each looking to hop on the victory bus. During the early years of the 20th century, Spain experienced extreme political instability. After the declaration of the Second Spanish Republic, after the ousting of King Alfonso XIII, there was strong opposition to it from both the left and the right. The storm that is to shake the world is still gathering, ready to unleash its full potential.

1936 Scenario

Meanwhile, in Asia, Japan was vigorously expanding its empire by invading Manchuria in 1931 after the Mukden Incident. The Mukden Incident was a false flag event, when Japan detonated dynamite close to a railway line owned by itself, and accused Chinese dissidents. By 1936, Japan was preparing for further operations into China. Japan had rapidly industrialized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, creating a huge demand for natural resources, such as coal, iron, and oil. Japan wanted to secure these resources from abroad, particularly from China. Japan also had an ambition of extending economic control over East Asia. The capture of China was viewed as a necessity to assure markets and resources. The Hirohito-led Regime continued to claim Imperialist Ambitions accompanied by Nationalism, Military Dominance, and Expansionism. This resulted in collaboration with like-minded powers.

In Europe, Post-World War I discontent would still be present in the entire continent, most especially in Germany, and Italy.

Benito Mussolini, who had consolidated his power in Italy and capitalized on the bitterness following the end of World War 1, had become Prime Minister in 1922 after his March on Rome, turning Italy into a Fascist state. The philosophy he had espoused stressed extreme nationalism, militarism, and the strong centralized state while promising to revive Italy's former glory and extend its territory through conquests. He resorted to violence and intimidation against any opposition, attacking political opponents. Mussolini had built a support base within several social classes, primarily the Middle and Upper Classes, and Industrialists and land owners, using a mixture of fear of communism and promising to safeguard their interests. Germany had also suffered from World War I, with the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles leaving Germany with large territorial losses and military restrictions. Being ordered to pay massive war reparations caused large resentment in Germany and a feeling of being humiliated. Inflation started during the early 20s, and hyperinflation set in. Large unemployment during the Great Depression wrecked the post-war economy. The Weimar Republic, in charge of Germany at the time, was extremely unpopular; faith for it was being eroded day by day, allowing a particular party to rise to power. Adolf Hitler had served in World War 1, was embittered by childhood hardships, homelessness, failure of his art career, and multiple other factors, rose to power. He offered a racist, anti-Semitic, nationalist agenda promising to restore the former glory of Germany. He scapegoated Jews, communists and other minorities for the ills. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party used propaganda to popularize its platform and actively solicited support from the masses.

The Nazi Party continued to rise to power over Germany, making strategic decisions. In 1932 the Nazi's won the largest share of popular vote but did not have a majority in Parliament. Hitler was later appointed as Chancellor in the month of January 1933. The fear of Communism led many to support the Nazi Party as it showed its opposition towards Communism, and many saw it as their protection. In February 1933, the Parliament building of Germany was set on fire, and the Nazi Party used that incident to assert that Communists were plotting against the government. This led to the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended civil liberties and allowed for the arrest of political opponents. Soon after, the Enabling Act in March 1933 gave Hitler dictatorial powers and enabled the Nazi Party to take full control over the country. In North America, the United States was still trying to get over the Great Depression that had started as early as 1929, kicked off by the Stock Market crash, Banking Panics, and other broad factors. The New Deal programs of the newly elected president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, were meant to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms. By the year 1936, these programs had made some progress in bringing down unemployment and stabilizing the economy. The Great Depression was a world event, characterized by massive unemployment, poverty, and political instability in most countries. The New Deal, which was part of the reforms included financial reforms, huge public work projects, and social safety nets. Full recovery in the United States would not come until around 1939, when World War II got underway.

1919[]

1919, sometimes known as Interwar or Post-World War 1, places you in a pivotal time in history, marked by significant changes and events worldwide. World War 1, having ravaged across Europe, has ended, placing Europe in a state of chaos.

1919 Scenario[]

In Europe, the War to End All Wars has ended, with a ceasefire in place, having been signed on 11 November 1918. The Treaty of Versailles would be soon to come, with France and the United Kingdom being bitter at Germany. Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic empire, had collapsed, with the nations that were apart in it feuding with eachother. Hungary and Romania in particular would clash over territorial disputes, with Czechia and Slovakia seceding together as one state. The Russian Empire had exited World War 1 in 1917, having to deal with a multi-party civil war, with the world anticipating who would emerge victorious, as the Bolsheviks would fight against the various anti-Bolshevik forces, with multiple other sides participating. The League of Nations, with Woodrow Wilson as its leading architect, was established following a desire for peace in the world. It's goal, preventing future conflicts on the scale of World War 1, would not be reached.

In North America, the United States would go on to pass the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. This would lead to the the Prohibition era in the United States. In other developments, Edsel Ford, son of Henry Ford, would succeed his father as president of his company, allowing for the continuation of the expansion of the automobile industry. This would contribute to the later economic boom, known as the Roaring 20's, in which the Global Economy would experience major developments. Electricity would be adopted by Industries and Households, leading to increased production. Introduction of credit systems and advertising would create consumer culture, boosting sales.The Stock Market would experience a significant increase, with many people investing in stocks. The U.S. would later adopt pro-business policies, including tax cuts and minimal regulation. Tarrifs protected U.S industries from foreign competition, encouraging domestic production. It was a time of industrial growth, urbanization, and entertainment and leisure. However, this new era would have some weaknesses as well.

There were several prominent underlying weaknesses to this boom. The wealth generated during this period was not evenly distributed, with significant income inequality between the rich and the poor. Overproduction would occur, with Industries producing more goods than that of which could be consumed, leading to falling prices. The bubble in the stock market would eventually burst, leading to stocks falling, and the onset of around a decade of future suffering. Moving back to 1919, India and China would experience a number of developments, with the Indian Independence Movement surging, as British troops would fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indian protestors, killing hundreds. This was known as, the Amritsar Massacre, or the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. In China, students in Beijing would protest against the Treaty of Versailles, granting Japanese control over former German Territories in China, sparking a surge in Chinese nationalism.

Japan would also emerge as an industrial power, driving its desire to expand in the decades after. In Africa, the citizens would start to grow tired of Colonial Rule, with the 1919 revolution in Egypt occurring, which would eventually lead to Egypt gaining nominal independence in 1922. The economies of Africa were largely geared toward serving the interests of the colonial powers dominating the region. Colonial authorities would continue to suppress resistance movements, leading to even more unrest in the continent. After the many wars had ended, the world would be in a state of uncertain peace, unprepared for what was to come.

1911[]

1911, also known as World War 1, or Pre-World War 1, is an era that focuses on the First World War. The world, having recently given the knowledge of Flight, uses this to its advantage. In the Turkish-Italian war, aircraft are used as an offensive weapon for the first time, with numerous other technological advancements occurring around the world. China is in a state of uncertainty, with the Xinhai Rebellion around the corner. The world is anticipating for a war to end all wars.

1911 Scenario[]

In Africa, the Agadir Crisis, also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis commences, with a diplomatic confrontation between the German Empire and France. The Russians and the British intervened as well, further escalating tensions. Germany would back down, in exchange for territories around German Cameroon. This builds-up tensions prior to the outbreak of World War 1. Italy would prepare to invade Libya, taking advantage of the declining Ottoman Empire, which had recently lost Bulgaria, and suffered an attempted coup.

In Europe, Austria Hungary would be dealing with internal ethnic tensions, and political instability, which were largely significant issues. Only time will tell if the mighty dual-empire would survive. Russia and Spain would also experience political unrest, with Russia in particular experiencing revolutionary activities, providing broader context to the decline of the Russian Empire. Russia would be put under the weight of thousands of peasant uprisings, destabilizing the once grand empire. Severe labor issues, repression of academic institutions, and political repression are all contributing to the riot against their government. The Bolsheviks, being established in 1903, would have something special for Russia up their sleeve.

The United States would continue to develop, formally adopting the M1911 pistol as its standard sidearm, which would effectively give it the number "1911." The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire would lead to labor reforms, as it would expose poor working conditions in the United States. The years preceding World War One would be defined by a number of wars, the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, and the Balkan Wars. The World, engulfed in their internal affairs, would have no idea of what awaits, and the consequences of one little decision made by the driver of Franz Ferdinand's vehicle 3 years later.

1897[]

1897 places you in a time of global change and development, with political, technological, and social transformations, especially at the end of the Industrial Revolution. This era, often referred to as the late 19th century, saw the heights of imperialism, with European powers expanding their territory across Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

1897 Scenario[]

The scramble for Africa was in full swing, with nations like Britain, France, and Germany taking their slice out of Africa. The recent Berlin Conference had decided the colonial borders, which often sliced through ethnic groups with no consideration. Indigenous populations were subjugated under their rule, which would gloomily last for decades. On the topic of Europe, the balance of power was continually shifting. The 1897 Greco-Turkish War was part of the long decline of the Ottoman Empire, despite its victory in the war. The war had lasting effects on both Turkey and Greece.

The recent Industrial Revolution had greatly changed industry, the way people live, and transportation. Railway expansions became common, and automobiles were on the rise. The radio had just been patented in London, along with other advancements, such as the first underground rapid transit system in North America. However, in North America, some developments to Racial and Sexist Inequality had commenced. In 1896, the United States declared that racial segregation was constitutional, under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This continued decades of racial discrimination in the United States.

Sexist Discrimination wasn't any better. The simple ability to vote was desired by many women for decades, eventually leading to the formation of several Women's Suffrage Societies, mainly in the United Kingdom and United States. This worldwide movement would eventually lead to countries such as Finland and Australia granting women the right to vote in the early 20th century. Unlike the peaceful protests these women were holding, violent conflicts were taking place around the world too. the British Empire had launched a campaign against the Kingdom of Benin, accompanied by rebellions in Uganda. Additionally, Ethiopia had to deal with problems involving Italy attempting to seize it as well, eventually driving it out a year prior. South America had issues too, with instability in Brazil and a revolution in Uruguay taking place.

Overall, this era is packed with technological advancements and conflicts. For example, the Spanish American War would take place a year later following the explosion of the USS Maine, located in Cuba, a Spanish Territory, at the time. Cuba was already fighting a long war of independence, and American intervention in the war would eventually lead to its success, temporarily placing Cuba as a territory of the U.S. However this lead to further instability down the line, as independent Cuba collapsed later on and had to be occupied by America again. America continued to expand, with it annexing Hawaii in the months after. The imperialism of this time would greatly impact the future generations.

1860[]

1860, also known as American Civil War due to its main prominence in the era, places you in the midst of the Industrial Revolution. with many conflicts, Medical and Scientific advances, and other developments worldwide. The brutal Civil War that would happen in the United States would shape the future decades of the existence of the nation. Nations around the world were modernizing and developing.

1860 Scenario[]

In Europe, Italy was under the process of unification. Also known as the Risorgiment, the reunification movement began with the Revolutions of 1848. After the Expedition of the Thousand, a short campaign that led to the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed by 1861. However, there were some places in the world that were experiencing the opposite of unification.

After decades of tension between the Northerner and Southerner States, the United States would undergo arguably the worst years in its history. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, a strict Abolitionist, in the 1860 United States Presidential Election, the southern states would be at large dismay. Some states did not even include Lincoln on the ballot. With his inauguration in 1861, South Carolina would secede from the United States, and more and more of the southern states would follow. Eventually, with the Battle of Fort Sumter resulting in a Confederate Victory, the newly formed Confederate States of America would be at war with the Union. What would follow would be a brutal war that would last half a decade, with the fates of over 620,000 people being sealed.

In Asia, British Rule in India was facing opposition, which would be one of the signs of the early Indian Independence Movement. The recent Indian Rebellion of 1858 had killed hundreds of thousands, and many more, following the famine and disease outbreaks that took place after. China wasn't any better off, with the Taiping Rebellion, lead by Hong Xiuquan, attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Xiuquan claimed to be the brother of Jesus Christ, and the war killed millions of people. The effects of the war were felt for decades after as large parts of the country were devastated. This was part of the Chinese Century of Humiliation, which included the Opium wars, which were over the right to trade Opium to China. For context, opium could be used for smoking, which created an extremely high demand, and the ban of trade on it would mean a loss of potential income.

The wars in New Zealand, which had lasted for around 2 decades at this point, were continuing interminably. Conflicts with the colonial government of New Zealand and the native populations of New Zealand were prominent during this time. On the topic of Britain, Scientific Societies would be organized, with the Royal Institution in London and the Smithsonian Institution in the United States being founded. Other technological advancements would continue around the world.

Greatly increasing the European desire for the African Continent, European explorers would map uncharted territories, with the Indigenous peoples that they had "discovered" not knowing on what the Europeans would do to them. Besides this, other influential events happened across the world, such as the Gold Rushes, the freeing of the Russian serfs in an attempt to modernize, and an internal conflict in Mexico between liberals and conservatives. Russia was also dealing with the aftermath of the Crimean War, which caused it to lose significant territory in Romania to the Ottomans. Overall, the world was, as always, a very violent place, with rivalries between countries such as Austria and Prussia forming, setting the stage for future conflicts to arise in the coming decades.

1836[]

The year 1836 represented the era of great political turnover and expansion on practically all continents, with particular developments in Europe and the Americas. In Europe, the continent was in a post-Napoleonic era where, after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, borders had been redrawn and a balance of power achieved. However, most areas in those times, like Italy and Germany, were fragmented, with equally strong nationalist movements percolating below the surface. Conservative monarchies, as found in the Austrian Empire and elsewhere in Central Europe, put a lid on such revolutionary and liberal sentiments. The British Empire was also becoming very aggressive, with a combination of colonial expansion, industrial development, and political reform.

In the Americas, 1836 was a year of critical importance in the United States and to its neighbour Mexico. The most notable event was the Texas Revolution, which culminated in the independence of Texas from Mexico. The battle at the Alamo, in March of that same year, saw a small band of Texans defeated by the Mexican army, but that defeat galvanized support for the Texan cause and victory was had at the Battle of San Jacinto. Texas declared its independence, setting the stage for a future of tensions between the U.S. and Mexico and eventually the Mexican-American War a decade later. The U.S. was also contending at this time politically with such things as the debate over slavery and westward expansion that would soon grow into much deeper national divides.

Globally, this year was marked with the continuation on the development of European Colonial Interests While the "Scramble for Africa" was far from its full-fledged pace, European nations began to make early motions that would later represent the full-blown efforts of colonization, competing for influence in key locations. In Asia, the British were securing their hold on India and showing growing interest in China, where tensions over trade - most specifically, opium - were growing. These tensions would ultimately result in the Opium Wars of the late 1830s and the 1840s. Thus, 1836 was a year when political stability in many regions was fragile, and events were to shape the course of the world's future geopolitical landscape.

1821[]

1821 is an era that resides in the middle of the Industrial Revolution and a period of conflict. Technological advancements accompanied major political revolutions in South America, Europe, and tribal wars in Africa.

1821 Scenario[]

In Europe, the 1821 Congress of Laibach, was part of the series of meetings known as the Concert of Europe, attempted to stabilize and suppress revolutionary movements. This congress dealt with the uprisings in Greece, which was trying to obtain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Other revolts also occurred around the Ottoman Empire, part of its vast era of decline.

The Concert of Europe also attempted to deal with uprisings in Italy. Revolutionary movements would be common, bitter at Austrian influence and wanting to unite Italy under the House of Savoy. The movement and idea for Italian unification, combined with the events of the previous years would eventually lead to Italian unification in 1861.

Across the Atlantic, in South America, major conflicts have taken place following the independence of many countries a few decades prior. Spain was still losing its grip in the Americas, with countries like Costa Rica gaining independence in late 1821. Peru had also declared its independence in July 1821, following the liberation of Lima, the capital of Peru. In Brazil, a liberal revolution was underway, with a large desire for independence, which was only strengthened by attempts to reduce Brazil back to a colonial status. Brazilian mercenaries, civilians, and colonial troops began to fight against Portuguese forces, which would eventually lead to Brazil's declaration of independence in 1822. Ecuador would also gain independence in May of 1822, following the liberation of Quito.

In Africa, the Mfecane, an era of chaos, warfare, and death in southern Africa, resulting from forced migrations and conflicts, along with the expansion of the Zulu Kingdom. Having seized the Cape Colony from the Dutch, the influx of British settlers skyrocketed tensions, which would lead to many wars with the natives and the colonizers. West Africa was also in a state of chaos, with the transatlantic slave trade deporting people to the Americas to do unpaid labor. Even though European Powers like the British were starting to take steps toward abolitionism, the trade still remained for decades.

In the United States, the period building up to the civil war continued to fill up with major events. The Missouri Compromise, which tried to ease tensions between the Slave-dependent Southern states, and the more industrial Northern states, allowed Missouri to become a state as a slave state, with Maine entering as a free state. The compromise also prohibited slave states from being above the 36.5th parallel line. The Missouri Compromise was later repealed, declared unconstitutional, and this decision would lead to increased tensions, eventually leading up to the American Civil War in 1861. Besides this, the United States was also increasing in power, gaining Florida from Spain and defining the border between the U.S. and Spanish Mexico.

In technology, steam engines were spreading, assisting transportation and industry. Steamboats were starting to be designed and produced, with steam power being shown as capable for river navigation. Industries such as Agriculture and the Textile industry continued to prosper, with new mechanics and tools assisting greatly. Scientific discoveries and astronomical discoveries were also prominent during this time. Overall, the world was both an advancing, growing, and deadly, conflict ridden place.

1799[]

The year 1799 was a momentous time in the history of the world because of the political and military turmoil of the French Revolutionary Wars. France saw the return of the now famous Napoleon Bonaparte from his Egyptian Campaign. He engineered a coup d'état-in common language known as the Coup of 18 Brumaire-by that November of the same year, which successfully ended the French Directory and brought about the Consulate, wherein he was named the First Consul. It was now that his road to Emperor of France began, and the balance of power in Europe started to change, with France becoming more and more centralized around him.

The Napoleonic Wars continued in 1799 in Britain, with the British Empire well on its way to ensuring naval dominance. The British fleet played a conspicuous part in preventing French expansion over the seas, especially under Admiral Sir George Elphinstone. This year also saw the British government officially ban trade unions through the Combination Acts, reflecting internal turmoil regarding industrialization and attempts to suppress worker organization.

While in the West in the Americas President John Adams faced a tempestuous time, including conflicts with France leading to the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war. At the same time, the young country still had to grapple with an expanding nation and finally establish itself into the global community. At this same time, Latin American independence movements began to stir, and ultimately form the backdrop against which these colonies would win independence from European colonial powers in the succeeding decades.

1774[]

From January to March Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I. An angry crowd in Boston, Massachusetts seizes, tars, and feathers British customs collector and Loyalist John Malcolm, for striking a boy and a shoemaker, George Hewes, with his cane. British industrialist John Wilkinson patents a method for boring cannon from the solid, subsequently utilised for accurate boring of steam engine cylinders. The Privy Council of Great Britain, as advisors to King George III, votes for the King's abolition of free land grants of North American lands. Henceforward, land is to be sold at auction to the highest bidder. The Parlement of Paris votes a sentence of civil degradation, depriving Pierre Beaumarchais of all rights and duties of citizenship. The volunteer fire company of Trenton, New Jersey, predecessor to the paid Trenton Fire Department created in 1892, is founded. In 1905, at 131 years, it claims to be the oldest continuously serving department in the U.S. The Province of Massachusetts Bay House of Representatives votes, 92 to 8, to impeach Superior Court Chief Justice Peter Oliver, but Provincial Governor Thomas Hutchinson refuses to allow the trial to proceed. The Boston Journal makes the first reference to the "Stars and Stripes" flag to symbolize the American colonies, reporting that "The American ensign now sparkles a door which shall shortly flame from the skies." Intolerable Acts: The British Parliament passes the Boston Port Act, closing the port of Boston, Massachusetts, as punishment for the Boston Tea Party.

From April to June, The first avowedly Unitarian congregation, Essex Street Chapel, is founded in London by Theophilus Lindsey. The premiere of Iphigénie en Aulide by Christoph Willibald Gluck sparks a huge controversy, almost a war, such as has not been seen in Paris since the Querelle des Bouffons. Louis XVI becomes King of France, following the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. The colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations issues the first call for an "Intercolonial Congress" that eventually is set up as the Continental Congress. Shakers Ann Lee and eight followers sail from Liverpool, England for colonial America. Intolerable Acts: A new Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to provide better housing for British soldiers upon demand, is passed. English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) Palmerston Island in the South Pacific Ocean. Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): Battle of Kozludzha – The Imperial Russian Army, led by Alexander Suvorov, routs numerically superior Ottoman Empire forces. The Parliament of Great Britain passed the Quebec Act, setting out governance rules for the colony of Quebec in British North America, enlarging its territory as far south as Ohio[7] and granting freedom of religion for Roman Catholics. From July to September Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects. The element oxygen is discovered for the third time (the second quantitatively, following the somewhat earlier work of Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1771–72) by Joseph Priestley, who publishes the fact in 1775, and so names the element (and usually gets all the credit, because his work was published first). Ann Lee and the Shakers arrive in America and settle in New York. Powder Alarm: Thomas Gage, royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, orders British soldiers to remove gunpowder from a magazine, causing Patriots to prepare for war. English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia. The First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia. Yemelyan Pugachev, leader of Pugachev's Rebellion against Russia by the Yaik Cossacks, is betrayed by his own men after returning to Yaitsk (now Oral, Kazakhstan). George Mason and George Washington found the Fairfax County Militia Association, a military unit independent of British control. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's semi-autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (written January–March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism.

From October to December, Dunmore's War – Battle of Point Pleasant: Cornstalk is forced to make peace with Dunmore at the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, ceding Shawnee land claims south of the Ohio (modern Kentucky) to Virginia. English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean, uninhabited at this date. The Continental Congress in America adopts the Declaration of Rights and Resolves, with 10 principles. The First Continental Congress passes the Continental Association, a colony-wide boycotting of British goods. Theater performances in the American colonies are also halted, on the Congress's recommendation that the member colonies "discountenance and discourage all horse racing and all kinds of gaming, cock fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions and entertainments." The word Liberty is first displayed on a flag raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts, in defiance of British rule in Colonial America. The Edenton Tea Party takes place in North Carolina, marking the first major gathering of women in support of the American cause. The first Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia. The Maryland Jockey Club follows a recommendation of the Continental Congress and cancels its race schedule. The decision sets a precedent for other jockey clubs in the colonies, and no major races are held until the end of the American Revolution. 1774 British general election: Voting for the House of Commons concludes in Great Britain, and Lord North retains the office of Prime Minister as his Tory coalition wins 343 of the 558 seats. Henry Seymour Conway's Whig Party wins the other 215 seats. The government of the Republic of Venice allows adventurer and ladies' man Giacomo Casanova to return home after a 17-year absence. Daniel Boone retires from the Virginia colonial militia in order to devote his full time to establishing a settlement in Kentucky. Salawat Yulayev, the leader of the Bashkirs rebellion against the Russian government, is captured, bringing an end to the insurrection. English chemist Joseph Priestley becomes the first person to discover and identify sulfur dioxide. Spanish Navy Captain Domingo de Bonechea arrives at Tahiti in the ship Aguila and tries unsuccessfully to claim it for Spain and to convert the Tahitians to the Roman Catholic faith. Parliament adjourns in Great Britain, but declines to authorize any action against the rebellious American colonies, despite an address the day before by King George III and Prime Minister North.Thomas Paine, a native of England, arrives in America at the age 37 and soon becomes an influential advocate for the colonies' independence. A boycott called by the Continental Congress goes into effect, as participating merchants and supporters cease the importation or consumption of products from Great Britain, Ireland or the British West Indies. Archduchess Maria Theresa, the ruler of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, signs the General School Ordinance providing for education for both males and females and setting compulsory education for children aged six through 12. The two month long Siege of Melilla begins as armies led by the Sultan of Morocco, Mohammed ben Abdallah, attack the North African Spanish colony of Melilla (which remains a part of Spain into the 21st century). King Louis XVI of France issues a declaration that, for the first time, protects "the free commerce of meat during Lent" to support the needs of "the poor whose infirmity requires them to eat meat."

1754[]

In 1754, Europe was characterized by political pre-tensions that would soon develop into an encompassing war-the Seven Years' War. At this time, major European powers such as Britain, France, Spain, and Austria were contending with one another in their influence and control over various parts of the globe. More specially, Britain and France had embarked on intense rivalry in North America and India. It was this year that the French and Indian War broke out in North America, a precursor to the greater conflict encompassing the entire globe. With the struggle of the Ohio Valley showcasing the rivalry between these 2 powers.

Apart from the escalating conflicts in North America, central Europe was still a cauldron of political intrigue. The Austrian Habsburgs, under the guidance of Empress Maria Theresa, were determined to maintain their influence now that Silesia had been wrested from them by Prussia in the War of Austrian Succession. Under Frederick the Great, Prussia had established itself as an ascending military power, while tension between it and Austria was among the salient political dynamics of the region. At the same time, diplomatic efforts were in action as Austria was setting up alliances in her defense against the big menace that Prussian militarism had become.

Furthermore European Colonial Powers continue to increase their grasp of power upon the African Continent, as in the east Colonial Powers like Britain and France were fighting over lucritive trade routes and domination of India.

1721[]

1721 Scenario[]

From January to March, The Committee of Inquiry on the collapse of the South Sea Company in Great Britain published its findings. James Stanhope, chief minister of Great Britain, died a day after collapsing while vigorously defending his government's conduct over the "South Sea Bubble" in Parliament. Johann Sebastian's Batch, Brandenburg concertos are completed and dedicated to Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

From April to June, Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (although this is more a term of disparagement at this time). The deadliest outbreak of smallpox in the history of Boston began when the British ship HMS Sea Horse arrived in Boston Harbor with a crew of sailors who had survived a smallpox epidemic. One of the Seahorse crew who had cleared quarantine develops symptoms the next day and infects other people in a lodging house. Over the next 10 months, 5,759 cases of smallpox are recorded in Boston and 844 people die of the disease. Pirates John Taylor and Oliver Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese Galleon Nossa Senhora do Cabo at Réunion. The total value of treasure on board (from Goa) is estimated as between £100,000 and £875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever. Pope Innocent XIII succeeds Pope Clement XI, as the 244th pope. Dr. Zabdiel Boylston of the Harvard University School of Medicine begins the first public inoculation campaign in order to slow the Smallpox epidemic in Boston, giving a vaccine to his son, and then to his slave and the slave's infant son.

From July to December, The Spanish expedition led by Coahuila Governor José de Azlor y Virto de Vara, sent to recapture Texas from the French, encountered Neches River, the smaller French force of Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, who had led the French expansion westward from the Louisiana territory. Realizing that his forces are badly outnumbered, St. Denis abandons hope of colonizing the east Texas territory and Azlor retakes the area. The Sack of Shamakhi occurs, in the Persian Safavid Empire. The Treaty of Nystad is signed, concluding the Great Northern War. The Kelantan Sultanate is established at Kelantan Darul Naim. The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire. Philip V of Spain signed a Royal Decree in Lerma, transforming the Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas.

1700[]

1700 Scenario[]

From January to March, Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the "Swedish Meteor". The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. The Swedish calendar is adopted. William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic.

From April to September, The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The fortress falls on June 6. Fire destroys many buildings in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, including two in the palace complex. Within a few days of poet John Dryden's death in London, his last written work (The Secular Masque) is performed as part of Vanbrugh's version of The Pilgrim. In Rhode Island (American colony), Walter Clarke, three-term former Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is elected deputy governor for the second time, serving under his brother-in-law Samuel Cranston. The legislature for the Province of Massachusetts Bay (the modern-day Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States) passes into law "An Act against Jesuits & Popish Priests" making a finding that Roman Catholic clerics have attempted to incite American Indians into a rebellion against the Crown, and declaring "That all and every Jesuit, Seminary Priest, Missionary, or other Spiritual or Ecclesiastical Person made or ordained by any Authority, Power or Jurisdiction derived, challenged or pretended from the Pope or See of Rome, now residing within this Province or any part thereof, shall depart from and out of the same, at or before the tenth day of September next, in this present year, One Thousand and Seven Hundred." The Province of New York enacts similar legislation later in the year. The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded, with Gottfried Leibniz as president. Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand (Denmark), assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace. Eleven-year-old Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, dies of "a malignant fever" at Windsor Castle, leaving the Protestant succession to the British throne in doubt. The Peace of Travendal is concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden. Edmond Halley returns to England after a voyage of almost one year on HMS Paramour, from which he has observed the Antarctic Convergence, and publishes his findings on terrestrial magnetism in General Chart of the Variation of the Compass. Antioh Cantemir is deposed as the voivode of Moldavia and replaced by his predecessor Constantine Ducas. Pope Innocent XII dies at the age of 85 after a tenure of more than nine years. Fabrizio Spada, the Cardinal Secretary of State, assumes administration of the Roman Catholic Church in order to oversee the election of a new Pope. A Russian army invades Swedish Estonia, and besieges the town of Narva.

From October to December The Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama takes place in Algeria with a surprise attack and ambush on the army of Murad III Bey of Tunis by two Algerian defenders, Hadj Mustapha, Dey of Algiers and Ahmed ben Ferhat, Beylik of Constantine. Adrian, Patriarch of All Russia, dies after more than 10 years as head of the Russian Orthodox Church. He is replaced by the hand-picked choice of Tsar Peter the Great with the appointment of Simeon Ivanovich Yavorsky as Patriarch Stefan. Charles II, the last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid aged 38, leaving no children; his last will makes Philip of Anjou his heir. Louis XIV of France accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou of the House of Bourbon, who becomes Philip V of Spain (reigning for 44 years – with a short break – to 1746), thus triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714). Lithuanian Civil War: Battle of Valkininkai – The anti-Sapieha coalition is victorious. Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Albani, having been ordained as a Roman Catholic priest only two months earlier, is elected by the Papal conclave to succeed Pope Innocent XII, and becomes the 243rd pope, taking the name of Clement XI. Battle of Narva in Estonia: Having led his army of 8,000 on a forced march from Denmark to Estonia, Charles XII of Sweden routs the huge Russian army. The formal coronation of Pope Clement XI takes place in Rome. Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, Lord President of the Council in charge of the Privy Council, is appointed to the additional job of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the highest Crown official in charge of administration of Ireland. The 4th Parliament of King William III in England is dissolved and new elections are ordered by the King.

1680[]

This era is one of the two 1600s eras (as well as 1618), being commonly played due to interesting historical events throughout it.

From January to March, King Amangkurat II of Mataram (located on the island of Java, part of modern-day Indonesia), invites Trunajaya, who had led a failed rebellion against him until his surrender on December 26, for a ceremonial visit to the royal palace. After Trunajaya arrives, King Amangkurat stabs his guest to death. William Harris, one of the four English Puritans who established the Plymouth Colony and then the Providence Plantations at Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates, when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on February 23, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England. February 12 – The Marquis de Croissy, Charles Colbert, becomes France's Minister of Foreign Affairs and serves for 16 years until his death, when he is succeeded as Foreign Minister by his son Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Rev. Ralph Davenant's will provides for foundation of the Davenant Foundation School for poor boys in Whitechapel, in the East End of London. Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, a fortune teller in France who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the "Affair of the Poisons" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft. In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning. The German Duchy of Saxe-Coburg is divided by treaty among the sons of the late Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, who had died in 1675. The oldest son, Frederick, receives Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. The rest is divided among Albert (Duke of Saxe-Coburg); Bernhard (Saxe-Meiningen); Henry (Saxe-Römhild); Christian (Saxe-Eisenberg); Ernest (Saxe-Hildburghausen); and John Ernest (Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld). The Earl of Shaftesbury informs the Privy Council of England that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were about to launch a rebellion, backed by France. The investigation leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett. Troops sent by the Sultan of Morocco, Ismail Ibn Sharif, begin a blockade of the port of Tangier, occupied by the English and located on the North African coast. Palmes Fairborne is dispatched to defend Tangier as the colonial governor and commander-in-chief of English forces. The London Penny Post delivery service begins operations after being created by Robert Murray and William Dockwra, with a policy of delivering letters to any part of London or its suburbs for the price of one English penny. A total eclipse of the Sun takes place and is visible over central Africa, with totality over the Opala Territory in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.

From April to June, Prince Rajaram Bhosle, the 10-year-old son of the Shivaji, the Chhatrapati (Emperor) of the Maratha Empire in India, is installed on the throne as the new Emperor, less than three weeks after the death of his father. Sambhaji Bhosle, the eldest son of Shivaji, learns the news while imprisoned at Panhala and makes plans to escape prison and take over the throne. Prince Sambhaji and fellow prisoners kill the commander of the Panhala prison and take control of the fort, as he makes plans to become ruler of the Maratha Empire. The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England. King Charles XI of Sweden marries Princess Elonora, daughter of the late King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and sister of King Christian V. The volcano Krakatoa erupts, probably on a relatively small scale. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi becomes the new Shōgun of Japan upon the death of his older brother, Tokugawa Ietsuna, who had been shōgun for 29 years. England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty. Elizabeth Cellier, an English Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government. Sambhaji Bhosle and his troops capture Raigad, the capital of the Maratha Empire and Sambhaji becomes the new Chhatrapati or Emperor. Sambhaji deposes his younger brother Rajaram I and places Rajaram and Rajaram's mother under house arrest. The Sanquhar Declaration, written by Richard Cameron, leader of the Covenanters who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by King Charles, is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire. During the Spanish Inquisition, an auto-da-fé takes place in the Plaza Mayor, Madrid.

From July to September, The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts. A Pueblo medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, choosing the campaign to begin before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards. The settlement of Karlskrona in Sweden is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there. In the Pueblo Revolt, the native Pueblo people capture Santa Fe (now in New Mexico) from the Spanish colonists. Comédie-Française is founded by decree of Louis XIV of France as La maison de Molière in Paris. A four month truce between England and Morocco expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at Tangier. A treaty is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory. Spanish troops make a counterattack on Santa Fe in the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, allowing the remaining Spanish troops in the besieged city to flee to El Paso (now in Texas). Robert Boyle, having rediscovered the process of manufacturing phosphorus from bone ash, deposits his summary of the directions with The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. Boyle's assistant, Ambrose Godfrey, later develops Boyle's discovery to produce phosphorus commercially.

From October to December, A massive 9.0 magnitude M_w earthquake destroys part of Málaga and other cities in the province of the same name. At the request of King Charles XI of Sweden, the Riksdag in Sweden enacts the Great Reduction, returning fiefs which had been granted to the Swedish nobility to the Crown. The nation becomes an absolute monarchy under the rule of Charles. The Great Comet of 1680 is first sighted by Gottfried Kirch, the first comet discovered by telescope. The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the British Whigs, organizes a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running. The trial for treason of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford before his fellow members of the House of Lords having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December.

1618[]

Until 1618, European history reached a turning point with the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, one of the longest and most devastating conflicts in European history. It originally started within the Holy Roman Empire, largely because of the growing religious tensions between Protestant and Catholic states. The spark that ignited the conflict was the Defenestration of Prague in May 1618, when Protestant nobles in Bohemia, angered by Catholic King Ferdinand II’s attempts to curtail their religious freedoms, threw two Catholic officials out of a castle window. Such an event sparked off even a more serious defiance of the Habsburgs and led to the decay of many parts of the continent.

The 30 Years War, besides its actual scope, changed the balance of power on the European continent greatly. At first it was primarily a religious war, protestant states being in opposition to the catholic Habsburgs who had control of the holy Roman Empire, though as the war advanced, religious schisms became secondary to the pursuit of political and territorial advantages. Notable European powers which were Spain, France, Sweden, and Holland participated in the war with various objectives each distinct to their polity and territory. All these constituted a conflict that was embellished and stretched into a complicating four-way war, annihilating the boundaries and ties between countries in the continent.

Outside the Holy Roman Empire, the political landscape in 1618 Europe was one of rivalry and fluctuating alliances. At that time, Spain was still a dominant power, but its influence was starting to be on the decline due to economic difficulties and rivalry with other European powers. England and France would face domestic changes during the same period, albeit later when Thirty Years War begun. In the same way, the Dutch Republic had succeeded to separate itself from Spain and emerge as one of the key military powers in Northern Europe. The stage was also set for the expansion of Sweden's military power over the region in the 1610s.

1492[]

The year 1492 was one of the oldest and most famous turning points in the history of the world and especially Europe and America. Academically, it is largely emphasized by the former in areas marked by the sails of the well known Christopher Columbus

who commenced, under his expedition and the Spanish quarters, the expeditions of the discovery of the Americas. As this event is opening the doors to many of the exploration, colonization and would ultimately take over of most the Western Hemisphere by the European powers. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, with a significant place on the map of the old world, Spain, under their absolute control.

The year ended in Spain with a memorable event - the Reconquista was completed. After endless wars between the Christian and the Islamic kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula, the Catholic kings of Spain finally took control of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom in Spain, and thus they brought the whole of the peninsula back under Christian rule. This free of lost nations of Spain again awakened its desire for territorial expansion with the Conquest of Granada. The Muslims and Jews remaining who refused to embrace Christianity were expelled from Spain as they were subjected to forced conversion by the Catholic Church. This concern with Spain’s internal situation which facilitated growing power consolidation within the center and removal of internal divergence has graver repercussions for the State, and it is the consequences of Catholic Spain.

Turning to the wider context of Europe, it may also be noted that 1492 saw the completion of the middle ages and the commencement of the Renaissance era which was characterized by a sharp burst of artistic, cultural and intellectual development. Both Spaniards and Portugal (as imperial powers also determined to take over other territories) indeed discovered their internal dynamics at 1492.. As far as the other European states are concerned, since the era of the Renaissance A.D. 1300-1600 was an era of regeneration and reconstruction; each of the major European countries

Moreover, South America was unsettled and unreliable during the mid-sixteenth century since the concerns of the fight the war against the Muslims which took over a quarter of all European states’ landscapes. Italy was no longer in existence as a nation but a geographical region which encompassed numerous city states primarily controlled by prominent families, still clinging to the remnants of a past glory. Preferred by the Papal legate, Clemens V; A name which was immortalized as a city marauded by Isabella Bathory, Florence symbolized all of those years of progress and interestingly only symbolized those years; because Bates is so old. It would not tolerate any form of dissenting opinion, even in the face of opposition such that Protestantism faced, which is the Lutherans’ response to the climate of disagreement within the Catholic Church.

1444[]

The year 1444 is marked with the invasion of Constantinople and the decisive end of the Byzantine Empire. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire was the last island of orthodox Christianity subjugated. The city surrendered on May 29, 1453. Its sultan was Mehmed II, who went on to claim the title of golden time of the Roman Empire and last of the Caesars of the much devastations and ended the Byzantine era. The surrounding walls of the city were quite systematized, so it was difficult to conquer the city by direct assault. Mehmed II decided to conquer the city by sea from the pontoon ships. The final siege event took place in the spring of that year, and the Bosporus Strait was cut off by the current Ottoman ironclad fleet. – this fortress stood before the city and also was the main focus of the defense of the city.

Furthermore, 1444 is paramount and has its distinctive share of political and military events. In this respect, one of the most significant undertakings was the Battle of Varna that took place on the 10th of November, 1444. The engagement pitted the reigning regime of Ottoman Empire against the coalition force of European countries of which, the European power consisted the Kingdoms of Poland and Hungary. This engagement was within a programme organized by Pope Eugenius IV with aim of harnessing the Christian zeal to cease Ottoman advancements and the migration of the latter into the European Continent. The demise of King Wladyslaw III of Poland and Hungary during the battle of Varna resulted in the final victory of the Ottoman Empire, thereby dividing Europe and consolidating Turkish control over the Balkans especially the South-eastern Europe under the Sultan Murad II.

1389[]

1389, a decisive moment took place in the longstanding conflict that pitted the Ottoman Empire against the Christian states of southeastern Europe. The Battle of Kosovo, on June 28, 1389, was a key confrontation with much symbolism involving the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad I, and the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. It was fought near Kosovo Polje, which is a part of the greater fight for dominance over the Balkans and a key moment in the rise of Ottoman power in the region.

The Battle of Kosovo itself had an inconclusive result since both sides were heavily devastated. That included Sultan Murad I, whose death was a more serious blow to the Ottomans. His successor and son Bayezid I, however, reasserted Ottoman authority in quick time and continued his father's expansionist policies. For the Serbs, although Prince Lazar was also killed, the battle was viewed as a heroic stand against the Ottomans and as such, it became a symbol of Serbian resistance and national identity. The Ottomans continued their expansion in the Balkans uninterruptedly and gradually wore down the Christian states in that region until they overwhelmed them.

Set against a broader European context, 1389 was a time of political territorial changes. The Hundred Years' War was continuing to affect the area between England and France in Western Europe. This was also the age in which the medieval feudal system lost ground to emerging centralized monarchies. In the Holy Roman Empire, different principalities and city-states had their shares of power struggles and influence. Their situation showed the overall fragmentation of political authority throughout Europe. The events in 1389, most especially the Battle of Kosovo, marked the growth of the Ottoman Empire's influence and changed the balance of power in southeastern Europe, preordaining the further course of developments in this region.

1296[]

1296 was politically and militarily one of the most turbulent years in Europe and the Near East, with some monumental events that would change the face of both regions forever.

In Scotland, the year 1296 was indeed one of the most pivotal moments in the endless tide of war between Scotland and England, popularly known as the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Battle of Dunbar occurred on 22 July 1296, which was a phyric victory for the English It was part of King Edward I of England's campaign to establish a puppet regime inside Scotland and enforce/ begin its intergation into English lordship, the battle allowed for the capturing of the Scottish King John after the battle and forced him to abdicate. as this resulted in the acceleration of ressistance.

France also witnessed a consolidation of power under King Philip IV. hoping for the intergation of french nobility and their territories under the English crown.

The year 1296 also saw some significant events in the Near East: the Mamluk Sultanate, once hegemonic power in the region, continued struggling in front of the expanding Mongol Empire. Under the command of Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, these Mamluks were able to defend their empire from Mongol attacks and to hold firm in the Levant. The struggle between the Mamluks and Mongols saw serious consequences as far as the balance of power in the Middle East.

1204[]

The year 1204 was something of a real watershed in medieval history, marked by tremendous political confusion and fundamental transformation. Probably the most well-known fact from that year is the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the sacking of Constantinople. Originally intended to capture Jerusalem, the crusaders were diverted to attack the Byzantine Empire by Venetian interests; in April 1204, they laid siege to Constantinople, and by July, the city fell. The Sack of Constantinople was perhaps one of the most disastrous events befalling the Byzantine Empire, marking the beginning of the Latin Empire and opening up a gigantic chasm between the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches.

The political situation for the Byzantine Empire became quite different in the years following the Fourth Crusade. The Latin Empire, which the crusaders established, desired to be in control of other Byzantine territories that still existed. But this new Latin dominion was troubled by conflicts and tumults as it began to grapple with holding control over newly acquired territories amid persistent resistance from various Greek fractions and other neighboring states. Thus, the Byzantine territories were fragmented, and successor states were established in their place: the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus continued to resist Latin authority, and would eventually lay the groundwork for the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261.

There were also significant political developments in Europe beyond the Byzantine world. Meanwhile, in England, this was a period of great internal strife under King John, culminating in the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215—though this event still lay just over the horizon of 1204. Meanwhile, back in France, King Philip II Augustus consolidated and increased his powers, shoring up French territories and the Capetian dynasty. Thus, 1204 becomes a date of huge political change not only in the Byzantine East but also within the greater European framework—one clear example of many of the complexities of medieval power dynamics and one of the pivotal events in the long-term repercussions of the Fourth Crusade.

1066[]

1066—many consider this to be the most dynamic and eventful year of medieval European history. Of course, the most important thing is the Norman Conquest of England. This year commenced with the death of King Edward the Confessor of England in January and a disputed succession. One of the most powerful English nobles, Harold Godwinson, was crowned King Harold II, but another man felt his claim was illegitimate because Edward had promised him the crown: William, Duke of Normandy. That touched off a series of events that led to one of the most famous battles ever fought.

In the year September 1066, the man known as William the Conqueror led an invasion into England, landing on the southern coast at Pevensey.

Harold II, having just defeated another rival, Harald Hardrada of Norway, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in the north, marched his army south to confront the Normans. The two armies met at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. The battle was a decisive Norman victory; Harold II was killed in the fray, and this cleared the way for William's eventual coronation as King of England on December 25. Politically, the events had deep consequences: the Norman Conquest drastically changed the composition of the English aristocracy when William redistributed land among his followers, changing the power balance and bringing in the Norman customs and governance in the land. The feudal system was strengthened in England with a new ruling class and restructuring of land ownership. This period also saw the beginning of a new era in English history, one that would see greater centralization and the solidification of royal authority under the Normans.

768[]

Europe was very much a land of shifting political allegiances and emergent powers. The most crucial event happened in September when the Frankish King Pepin the Short died; this was one of the most important turning points of the Carolingian Empire.Thus, his two young sons, Charles and Carloman—later known as Charlemagne and Carloman I—succeeded him.During their conjunct reign, there was a predominance of stability and continuity to their father's work but within whose seeds future conflicts were laid. The reign itself was marked by power plays and diverging ambitions.

Bigger canvases of European politics were drawn by the wars between kingdoms and factions. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England were still trying to recover from the devastations caused by the previous two centuries, while in Northern Europe, the presence of the Vikings was starting to make itself known through raids and settlements. Meanwhile, the Byzantine Empire, not quite so shining in Western Europe, still kept its ground in the Mediterranean, trying to deal with its own troubles and being threatened from without by the continuous wars with the Umayyad Caliphate on its eastern borders.

Meanwhile, within the Islamic world, there was an Umayyad Caliphate busy in a phase of consolidation and expansion under its rulers. An Abbasid Caliphate had begun to consolidate its power and influence over the Middle East and North Africa, having replaced the Umayyad dynasty a few decades before this, thus increasing trade routes and cultural exchanges between the Islamic world and Europe even more in setting in motion so many of their interactions in the future. Thus, the political landscape of 768 was that of a tangled web of local power struggles, emerging empires, and shifting alliances that was to chart the course of Europe and the wider world.

618[]

important changes and events in the political terrain around the different regions during this year. Starting with China, this would mark the beginning of the Tang Dynasty by Emperor Gaozu, who had founded the dynasty after deposing the Sui Dynasty.

This period would signal the start of one of the most prosperous and powerful dynasties in Chinese history. This marked the beginning of a new era in cultural flowering and political stability, laying the base for its future expansions and consolidations of power. To begin with, Emperor Gaozu focused on the consolidation of control and stabilization of the empire after the chaotic end of the Sui Dynasty, thereby setting the base for the eventual golden age of the Tang.

The Byzantine Empire, under the Emperor Heraclius, was involved in unending warfare with the Sassanian Empire in a perennial struggle that would go on for some time. The most crucial aspect was that both empires were trying to impose supremacy over the other; however, Heraclius succeeded in scoring some military gains against the Sassanians. The endless conflict had drained strength from the Byzantine forces and treasuries. This period of warfare noticeably impacted the geopolitical dynamic of both the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East, forging later military and diplomatic strategies in the region.

Generally, in the context of Europe, the year 618 came under the early stages of the Frankish Kingdom under the rule of King Clovis II. It is thus evident from the above that the Frankish kingdom was deeply indulged in expanding its power in this region through several alliances and military conquests. This was, therefore, a political landscape of fluidity in alliances and consolidation of territorial control—something that would open the way for the eventual Carolingian Empire to arise in the centuries to come. The year 618 was, therefore, one of great realignment and consolidation in many parts of the world as each region prepared the ground for what was to come.

1 AD[]

1 AD as a year represents a watershed, though it wasn't until many centuries later that the system of the Gregorian calendar in the Anno Domini era was developed. It is during this time when there is cultural confluence, relative political stability in parts of the world, and dynamic changes in others.

The Roman Empire had been good under the governance of Emperor Augustus; Pax Romana was the period of maximum stability and success. It stretched over most of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East with a developed infrastructure, like a great network of roads and aqueducts that could sustain commerce and administration.. Rome was a dynamic city at the center of a vast and varied empire. Now, Judea in the east of the Mediterranean was under Roman domination and the client king Herod Archelaus, a land of religious ferment.

It was also the time traditionally associated with the early life of Jesus of Nazareth, whose teachings would later transform global history.

Outside the Roman orbit, in China, the Han Dynasty was at its peak during Emperor Ping's rule. The Silk Road facilitated the interchange of goods, including silk, spices, and precious metals, between East and West, besides spreading cultures. Meanwhile, both the Kushan Empire and the Satavahana dynasty in India looked over thriving networks of trade and the spread of Buddhism, which had a cultural and religious repercussion on the subcontinent.

Meanwhile, in the Americas, this was a time when the Olmec civilization had given way to emerging cultures of the Zapotec and Maya, whose complicated societies were just taking form. Along the Nile, in sub-Saharan Africa, there was the flourishing Kingdom of Kush, showing great advance in arts, architecture, and trade.

50 B.C.[]

the ancient world was filled with power struggles and was going through many critical changes. In Rome itself, the Republic was in poor shape due to several internal group power plays. The year saw the height of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (better known as Pompey), and Marcus Licinius Crassus.

Having allied with each other, in order to better establish their powers against the influence of the Senate, that alliance was now beginning to crack with Caesar's new successes in Gaul. His very powerful enemies were frightened by the growing power of Pompey and Crassus due to Caesar's feats in military activities in Gaul that set the stage for future conflicts.

To the east, the Hellenistic world was in decay. The Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt was politically unstable with both internal strife and external pressures during the rule of Ptolemy XII. The kingdom was finding it hard to sustain its authority amidst the increasingly growing power of Rome and that of the Parthian Empire. The Parthian Empire, under the leadership of Orodes II, was beset by its own serious internal problems and conflicts with Rome that aimed at territorial influence in the region. This series of confrontations and diplomatic maneuvering between these powers was setting the geopolitical dynamics of the time.

The Republic of Rome is seen to be engaged in territorial expansion within the broader context, while the interior is riddled with conflicts that were setting a very volatile environment. This period, in 50 BC, provided events both political and military, which set the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. The tensions between Caesar, Pompey, and the Senate soon plunged into civil strife, which would reshape the course of Roman governance and set in motion the creation under Augustus of the Roman Empire.

220 B.C.[]

the politics in this period of the ancient world was one of changing alliances and power consolidation among the major states and empires of the time. In China, this was the era when the Qin Dynasty had begun to bring together under their rule all the warring states, with Qin Shi Huang as their emperor. Having conquered the last of the rival states in 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty tried to cement its authority over the newly unified empire by carrying out general administrative and legal reforms. It was during this period that the Qin embarked on its centralization efforts, which later became one of the greatest influences upon the course of Chinese history.

The Roman Republic was in a phase of vast military and territorial expansion within the Mediterranean region. In the middle of the Second Punic War against Carthage, two great generals emerged: Hannibal Barca and Scipio Africanus.These were times when the Romans were devoted to consolidation and dealing with the power of Carthage in Italy, all of which happened by 220 BC. This was a key factor and a crucial factor in establishing and successfully maintaining Roman supremacy throughout the Mediterranean region. It also provided a basic blueprint that steered changes up to the huge empire we know and understand in our time today.

Meanwhile, in the Hellenistic world, since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the huge empire had broken up into a number of Hellenistic kingdoms, including the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, and the Antigonid Dynasty in Macedon. Thus, when these successor states finally emerged and took shape by 220 BC, a new epoch was inaugurated that would be fundamentally characterized by an endless series of diplomatic and military maneuvering as they struggled tirelessly to secure their borders and extend their influence in the region. Meanwhile, throughout this turbulent and greatly eventful epoch of history, the Seleucid Empire was not merely involved but proactively embroiled in a series of intricate and multicausal conflicts with the Ptolemaic Kingdom. They involved not only the Ptolemies themselves but included numerous local states that were strategically placed throughout the region of Asia Minor. Concurrently, the Ptolemies were energetically trying to firmly grasp and make their authority unassailable in Egypt. They tried very hard to assert and strengthen their control over their vast and extensive possessions scattered throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, further reverberating their ambition in the region. This would come out as a really monumental period in the history of Hellenistic monarchies, marked with a very sharp rivalry and competition between the different Hellenistic kingdoms. Such fierce rivalry and competitive struggle for power and influence would not only remain and reign but also define, to a large extent, the political trends and dynamics of the region during this long period.

2000 B.C.[]

the political map of several parts of the world was to a great extent marked by the constant rise and inevitable fall of powerful city-states, the creation of some of the earliest empires in human history, and the tremendous growth of vast trade networks that linked various cultures and societies. City-states of Sumer were at their apogee in the region of Mesopotamia, with some cities like Ur, Uruk, and Lagash becoming power centers that exerted enormous influence over neighboring regions and that helped determine the course of history in those times. The Sumerians had managed to develop complex and highly elaborated bureaucracies, created advanced writing systems with much detail, and built monumental architecture. All these together helped form a well-organized society that was conducive not only to local dominance but also to great trade networks through which different areas were connected with one another. In this momentous period, it became apparent how the different leaders began consolidating their powers, setting effectively the crucial foundation through which great empires would rise in the future.

In the expansive and fruitful land of the Nile Valley, change was afoot: Ancient Egypt was in the throes of a great and wonderful metamorphosis during the Middle Kingdom period, a time of great importance that began around 2050 BC.

This particular period was especially marked by the great revival of the centralized power that happened after the long interval of political division known as the First Intermediate Period. During the Middle Kingdom, the pharaohs made great attempts at conquering the land of Nubia, advancing ambitious building projects that would help Egypt regain its position as one of the great powers of politics and culture in the region. More importantly, this great period saw a rise in stability, overall economic prosperity, and a wonderful flowering of art and literary works. During the same period, in the area referred to as the Indus Valley, the erstwhile great Harappan Civilization was in significant decline by the year 2000 BC, leading to the rise of smaller, less centralized political units that were neither as sophisticated nor as large as their ancestors. The cities of the Harappan civilization, which had been hailed for their exemplary urban planning and their extensive and intricate trade networks, began to gradually and progressively decline, an event caused by a mix of environmental changes and, very likely, conflicts within the society itself. Standing in sharp contrast to this descent is the Minoan civilization, prosperous and thriving on the island of Crete, distinguished by its elaborate social systems and its wide maritime trade routes, which did an effective job of linking it with a host of other cultures around the Mediterranean. The political dynamics of this era reflect a period of transition and consolidation across various regions, setting the stage for future developments in ancient history.

World Conquest 'Lite' Eras[]

World Conquest Lite is another World Conquest game specifically designed for people with lower-end devices (Phones Ipads Laptops etc.)

This only includes eras that are specific to the game, not included in the main game.

1914[]

this year is known and remembered for the outbreak of World War I, which was to dramatically change the course of world politics. Tensions were ratcheting up in Europe because of militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, not to mention a labyrinthine system of alliances. On June 28th, 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Bosnian Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. This incident triggered off a domino series of events, which has since been collectively known as the July Crisis. Due to this worsening situation, Austria-Hungary was eventually compelled to take the fateful decision to declare war on Serbia before the end of July. The entangling web of alliances that was prevalent at that time quickly drew a large part of Europe into the rapidly emerging conflict, where Germany and Austria-Hungary found themselves pitted against Serbia, Russia, France, and Britain.

What was at first expected to be a short and relatively limited war turned into a major large-scale conflict, in which the world's major powers mobilized their great armies and enormous resources to fight. By the time August 1914 came around, the Western Front was fast becoming a major battleground as German troops enjoyed significant gains through Belgium and deep into French territory before the action culminated in the First Battle of the Marne, a significant engagement that effectively halted the German advance in its tracks. Heavy and brutal fighting between Germany and Austria-Hungary with Russia was to be observed on the Eastern Front, which again brought about serious and high casualties for either warring party. The start of trench warfare, most visible on the Western Front, rapidly changed the character of war into a long and exhaustive stalemate that would go on for a very long time. Moreover, the involvement of many colonial powers in a series of military campaigns spread over Africa, the Middle East, and Asia turned the war into a much broader scenario than just Europe itself.

The year 1914 marked, in many ways, a turning point in history—one which heralded enormous political and social upheaval that would fundamentally alter the landscape of nations both in battle and within their borders. As the demands of war began to mount, this saw the noose being tightened by governments around the world on diverse aspects of society, tightening their control over economies, industry, and information flow. This transition marked propaganda as a now common practice, transforming it into an instrument many relied on to preserve and build support for the ongoing war effort. As highly as nationalism and militarism rose during these times, so did anti-war sentiment begin taking root as the enormity of this conflict and its death toll started assuming proportions the world had not seen or been informed of. The chain of critical events that took place in the year 1914 set in motion a convoluted chain reaction which would eventually lead to the widespread and long-lasting chaos of World War I. In addition, these critical events also laid down the fundamental framework for major political revolutions which would take place in different countries and led to the re-drawing of national borders over the next few years.

2023[]

2023 was a year filled with political change and quite a lot of turbulence that spread through many countries around the world. Back in the United States, the main national discussion became greatly concerned with the basic issue of democracy, the complexity of economic policy, and basic rights concerning reproduction—all issues which received popular attention and caused heated debates. With the elections of America fast approaching in the next year, the mood of campaign politics has become increasingly very heated following the revelations of what appears to be a growing chasm between the liberal camps and their conservative foes. the war in Ukraine also remained one of the key U.S. foreign policy, with the United States maintaining its regular series of military aid packages.

In Europe, sensitive combinations of unbridled inflation and ruthless energy shortages tested the notion of a political union to the limit, as concerns over migration problems continued to exert heavy strains on the area's very diverse member states. The EU was facing a couple of big and intertwined challenges: the important task of fostering and boosting domestic economic recovery in order to revive the economies of the member states that had suffered from different setbacks. On the other side, there were large, very visible geopolitical external threats that were causing a lot of concern about Russia's aggressive behavior and increasing influence in the region. And then, of course, some really important elections took place right across the continent—especially in countries like Spain, Greece, and Turkey. Those elections made critical changes whose ripples reached further into the respective political landscapes of those countries and changed the dynamics in those countries in important and significant ways.

For instance, in the country of Turkey, there has been an ability for President Erdoğan to hold onto his office by re-election despite great challenge and recent rising significant economic instability that has become paramount for that nation. It evidences the tenuous and intricate balance for any governing body situated between authoritarian governance and democratic pressures, which are more and more pronounced for that region with the passage of time. Coming into 2023, the world was witnessing a variety of regional wars together with more complex realignments of international relationships, all of which had profound impacts on the general global political situation. Much of these changes and developments can be traced back to the phenomenal ascendance of China, which has established itself as a strong economic and military force—one whose presence is now indelibly felt on the world scene. A perception of this major development prompted countries such as the United States, India, and Japan to come to the awareness that their collaborative efforts pertaining to security required further augmentation and strengthening. They felt it was very important to deepen their cooperation in a bid to address the pressing issues and challenges that emerge in the strategically important Indo-Pacific region. It was a period when the African continent was at the very edge of great political upheaval and disarray most dramatically illustrated by a series of coups that took place in some countries, like Niger and Sudan. These unsettling events have caused a lot of concern and alarm among members of the international community, with many now talking about stability and the future of governance in the region. Running parallel to the many political challenges evident, one of the most pressing and urgent policy issues to arise was undoubtedly that relating to climate change. Indeed, this key area continued to be at the forefront of the policy agenda, as various countries sought to come to terms with their own failings in meeting environmental commitments set out under previous agreements. Confronted with failure, these countries also brought into even sharper focus than before the need to address the issue of climate change, drawing even greater attention to this already critical area. More broadly, it also speaks to the continued and consistent challenges of effective multilateral cooperation in an increasingly polarized and divided world.

Legacy Eras (Deleted Eras)[]

Legacy Eras are eras that have been deleted/removed from World Conquest, mainly due to inactively, storage issues, outright removal, or removed to be reworked or merging. However some of these can be found in World Conquest Lite, which has sort of became an archived version for some of these eras. Here is every single deleted World Conquest Era.

2023[]

The year 2023 was marked by significant political developments across the globe. In the United States, the political landscape remained highly polarized as President Joe Biden navigated challenges related to economic recovery, climate change, and healthcare reform. The midterm elections in November 2022 had resulted in a divided Congress, making legislative progress difficult. The focus on infrastructure investments and managing inflation were central issues, as was the ongoing debate over immigration and social policies.

In Europe, the war in Ukraine continued to dominate international relations. European nations, particularly those in the European Union, faced the dual challenge of supporting Ukraine while grappling with the economic repercussions of the conflict, including energy shortages and inflation. The European Union sought to strengthen its unity and provide further aid to Ukraine, while also addressing internal issues such as migration and economic inequality.

Asia witnessed notable political shifts as well. In China, President Xi Jinping solidified his grip on power during the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party, leading to concerns about increasing authoritarianism and its implications for global trade and security. Meanwhile, in India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government continued to emphasize economic growth and infrastructure development, while facing criticism over issues related to religious tensions and human rights. These regional developments were pivotal in shaping the broader geopolitical landscape of 2023.

The reason for this era being deleted was so that it could be reworked into 2024.

2022[]

The year 2022 was marked by significant political events and shifts around the world. In the United States, the midterm elections resulted in a divided Congress, with the Democratic Party retaining control of the Senate while the Republican Party gained a majority in the House of Representatives. This division led to heightened political tension and gridlock, affecting legislative priorities and the broader political climate. Internationally, geopolitical tensions were also prominent, with Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 triggering widespread condemnation and leading to severe economic sanctions against Russia by Western nations. This conflict had far-reaching consequences, including disruptions in global energy supplies and increased security concerns in Europe.

In Asia, the political landscape was marked by both continuity and change. In China, Xi Jinping secured an unprecedented third term as the leader of the Chinese Communist Party during the 20th National Congress, solidifying his grip on power and signaling a continuation of his assertive domestic and foreign policies. In South Korea, the election of Yoon Suk-yeol as president introduced a new conservative administration, shifting the country's stance on various regional issues, including its approach to North Korea. Meanwhile, Japan's political scene saw the continuation of Fumio Kishida's leadership as prime minister, who focused on strengthening Japan's security alliances and addressing economic challenges.

Latin America experienced notable political developments with several elections and changes in leadership. In Brazil, the presidential election brought Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva back to power, ending Jair Bolsonaro's presidency. Lula's victory was seen as a major shift in Brazilian politics, with a focus on addressing environmental issues, economic inequality, and restoring democratic norms. In Colombia, Gustavo Petro's election as the country's first leftist president marked a significant political shift, promising reforms and a renewed approach to peace negotiations with insurgent groups. These political transitions in Latin America underscored the region's dynamic and evolving political landscape.

The reason for this era being deleted was so that it could be reworked into 2023.

2019[]

In 2019, global politics were marked by a variety of significant events and developments across different regions. One of the most notable was the continuation of political upheaval in Venezuela, where the crisis deepened with President Nicolás Maduro's government facing increasing pressure from opposition leader Juan Guaidó. The international community remained divided, with countries like the United States and several European nations recognizing Guaidó as the legitimate interim president, while others, including Russia and China, continued to support Maduro. The situation led to widespread protests, a humanitarian crisis, and economic challenges, further intensifying the political instability in the country.

In the United Kingdom, 2019 was dominated by the tumultuous Brexit process. Prime Minister Theresa May's resignation in July after failing to secure a Brexit deal led to Boris Johnson becoming the new Prime Minister. Johnson's administration was characterized by a more aggressive stance on leaving the European Union, culminating in the UK's general election in December. The Conservative Party's decisive victory in this election paved the way for the UK's formal departure from the EU on January 31, 2020. This marked a significant turning point in the Brexit saga and set the stage for new negotiations on the future relationship between the UK and the EU.

In the United States, the political landscape was marked by ongoing debates and investigations related to President Donald Trump. The year saw the House of Representatives initiating an impeachment inquiry into Trump, centered on allegations of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The impeachment inquiry was driven by concerns over Trump's interactions with Ukraine and his request for an investigation into his political rival, Joe Biden. The political climate was polarized, with debates over Trump's conduct and his administration's policies dominating national discourse. The year also witnessed significant protests and political activism on various issues, including climate change, gun control, and social justice, reflecting a period of heightened political engagement and division.

The reason for this era being deleted was so that it could be reworked into 2022.

Kaiserreich[]

Kaiserreich is an alternate history mod for the grand strategy game *Hearts of Iron IV* that imagines a world where the Central Powers, led by Germany, won World War I. In this timeline, the political landscape of the early 20th century is dramatically altered, with the Kaiser's German Empire emerging as a dominant global power. The victory in World War I results in the survival of the German monarchy, which restructures Europe and the world order significantly. The mod explores how this altered history impacts various countries' political climates, from the remnants of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the shifting alliances in Europe and beyond.

In Kaiserreich's alternate reality, the political dynamics within Germany are marked by internal strife and ideological divisions. The German Empire, under the rule of Kaiser Wilhelm II, faces challenges from both left-wing revolutionary factions and right-wing nationalist groups. The internal tensions reflect broader struggles across Europe, where former Allied nations and new political movements vie for power. The mod introduces various factions and ideologies, including the revolutionary German Socialists, the authoritarian Kaiserreich government, and various regional independence movements, each shaping the course of the timeline in unique ways.

Globally, Kaiserreich envisions a world where the traditional powers of the early 20th century are reconfigured. The United States, under President Theodore Roosevelt or his successors, finds itself in a complex geopolitical environment, balancing its interests between a powerful Germany and other rising nations. The Russian Civil War, which was partially influenced by the Central Powers' victory, results in different outcomes with various factions vying for control. The mod also explores how colonial empires and newly emerging states navigate this altered world, providing a rich tapestry of political intrigue and conflict.

The reason for this era being deleted was because of how hated it was, mainly due to the fact that you need to have either played the Hearts of Iron IV mod or understand the lore of Kaiserreich.

1970[]

The year 1970 was a politically transformative time, marked by social movements, geopolitical realignments, and increasing tensions between nations. In the United States, the anti-Vietnam War protests reached a peak, with widespread demonstrations against the prolonged conflict. A tragic moment came with the Kent State shootings in May, when National Guardsmen killed four students protesting the war, intensifying public opposition. Meanwhile, President Richard Nixon pursued a policy of "Vietnamization," gradually reducing U.S. troop presence in Southeast Asia while supporting South Vietnamese forces.

In Europe, the Cold War continued to shape politics, with both NATO and the Warsaw Pact solidifying their spheres of influence. However, signs of détente emerged as West Germany, under Chancellor Willy Brandt, initiated Ostpolitik—an effort to normalize relations with Eastern Bloc nations, particularly East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Brandt’s policy symbolized a shift towards diplomatic engagement despite the ideological divide. In the UK, 1970 also saw the unexpected rise of Edward Heath’s Conservative government, ushering in new economic policies amid the challenges of inflation and labor unrest.

In the broader world, 1970 was marked by decolonization and political realignments in Africa and Asia. Countries like Fiji and the South Pacific island states gained independence, reflecting the gradual decline of European colonialism. However, political instability and authoritarian regimes emerged in many post-colonial states. The Middle East remained volatile, with tensions between Israel and its neighbors simmering following the 1967 Six-Day War. At the same time, the United Nations and international organizations began to focus more on global issues like poverty and environmental degradation, culminating in the first Earth Day, signaling the rise of environmental consciousness on the global stage.

1920[]

The year 1920 was a significant period of political transformation and instability, marking a pivotal moment in the aftermath of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, had profound repercussions in 1920, shaping the geopolitical landscape of Europe and beyond. The treaty's harsh terms imposed on Germany, including territorial losses and heavy reparations, contributed to a sense of resentment and economic hardship that would later influence the rise of extremist movements. The League of Nations was established in an attempt to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, though its effectiveness was limited by the absence of major powers like the United States, which refused to ratify the treaty.

In the United States, the year 1920 was marked by the ratification of the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote. This landmark achievement was a culmination of decades of activism by suffragists and suffragettes, representing a significant step towards gender equality. The political landscape was also shaped by the rise of the Republican Party under President Warren G. Harding, whose administration promised a return to normalcy after the tumultuous years of the Progressive Era and World War I. Harding's campaign was characterized by a desire to move away from international entanglements and focus on domestic issues, reflecting a broader sentiment of isolationism prevalent in American politics at the time.

In Europe, the year 1920 saw the continued struggle to stabilize war-torn nations and address the political shifts caused by the war. The political boundaries of Eastern Europe were redrawn, leading to the creation of new states and the consolidation of others. The rise of new political ideologies, including fascism in Italy under Benito Mussolini, began to take shape, setting the stage for future conflicts. Additionally, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of the Bolshevik government, was consolidating power following the Russian Civil War, while struggling to navigate the economic and political challenges of the early years of communist rule. The global political environment of 1920 was thus characterized by significant upheaval and the reconfiguration of national and international relations.

The reason for this era being deleted is so it could be reworked into 1919.

1914[]

In 1914, the political landscape of Europe was marked by rising tensions and alliances that set the stage for the outbreak of World War I. The continent was divided into two major blocs: the Allies, consisting primarily of France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, and the Central Powers, led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. This division was a result of a complex web of alliances and rivalries that had been established over the previous decades. Nationalistic fervor, militaristic ambitions, and colonial competition further heightened the sense of impending conflict.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo was the immediate trigger for the war. This event set off a chain reaction of diplomatic failures and mobilizations. Austria-Hungary, backed by Germany, issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which was supported by Russia. As alliances were activated, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and subsequently on Russia's ally, France. The United Kingdom, bound by treaty to support Belgium, declared war on Germany on August 4, effectively drawing the major European powers into the conflict.

Outside of Europe, the impact of the war was also felt as colonial powers began to involve their empires in the conflict. The year 1914 marked a dramatic shift from the relative peace of the 19th century to a global struggle that would have far-reaching consequences. The political dynamics of the year set the stage for a conflict that would reshape borders, alter alliances, and have profound effects on international relations for decades to come.

The reason for this era being deleted was so that it could be merged with 1910 to create 1911, also because it was way to close to the outbreak of World War I giving players barely anytime to roleplay before being forced into war.

1910[]

In 1910, the global political landscape was marked by significant shifts and transformations across various regions. In Europe, the year was characterized by a complex interplay of alliances and rising tensions. The United Kingdom, under the leadership of Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, grappled with domestic issues including the suffragette movement and debates over social reform. Meanwhile, the German Empire, led by Kaiser Wilhelm II, continued to assert its influence and military might, contributing to growing unease among neighboring nations. The year also saw heightened rivalry between the major powers, setting the stage for the alliances that would later play a crucial role in World War I.

In the United States, President William Howard Taft was in office, focusing on his "Dollar Diplomacy" policy, which aimed to promote American financial and business interests abroad. Domestically, the U.S. was undergoing significant changes with the Progressive Era reforms targeting political corruption, economic inequality, and social issues. The political scene was increasingly dominated by discussions of reform, including women's suffrage and labor rights, reflecting broader social changes occurring across the country.

In Asia, the political climate was equally dynamic. The Qing Dynasty in China faced internal strife and growing revolutionary sentiment, culminating in the Xinhai Revolution, which would soon lead to the establishment of the Republic of China. Japan, having emerged as a major power in the region, continued to expand its influence, particularly in Korea and Taiwan, while its rapid industrialization and military advancements signaled its rising status on the global stage. This year set the foundation for significant geopolitical changes that would unfold in the decades to come, as nations grappled with both internal and external pressures.

The reason for this era being removed was so that it could be merged with 1914 to create 1911.

1525[]

The year 1525 was marked by significant political shifts and events across Europe and beyond. In the Holy Roman Empire, the early 16th century was a period of tension between the Catholic Church and emerging Protestant movements. The year 1525 saw the culmination of the German Peasants' War, a major uprising driven by socio-economic grievances and religious reform ideas. The defeat of the peasants by the forces of the nobility and the imperial army resulted in a harsh crackdown, which led to a severe suppression of the rebellion and a reinforcement of feudal structures.

In Spain, the reign of Charles V, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor, continued to consolidate its influence. Charles V's rule was marked by his efforts to manage and defend his vast empire, which stretched across Europe and into the Americas. His involvement in the Italian Wars, particularly the conflict with France, underscored Spain’s ambition to control key territories in Italy. The Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1525, temporarily resolved some of these conflicts, though the underlying tensions would persist in European politics.

The year 1525 was also significant for the Ottoman Empire, which under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent, was expanding its influence and territorial control. Suleiman’s reign was characterized by military conquests and administrative reforms, which solidified the Ottoman Empire’s dominance in the Middle East and parts of Europe. The ongoing conflicts with the Safavid Empire in Persia and various European states highlighted the Ottoman Empire's strategic positioning and the broader geopolitical dynamics of the period.

The reason for this era being deleted was for a "revamp" that never came.

769 AD[]

In 769 AD, the political landscape across the globe was marked by significant developments and transitions. In Europe, the Carolingian Empire, under the leadership of Charlemagne, was emerging as a dominant force. Charlemagne, who had been crowned King of the Franks in 768, began to consolidate power and expand his territory. His reign marked the beginning of a period of consolidation and reform that would lay the groundwork for what would later become the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne's efforts to centralize his rule, implement administrative reforms, and promote learning and culture were pivotal in shaping medieval Europe.

In the Islamic world, the Abbasid Caliphate was at the height of its influence. The Abbasids, who had overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, were continuing to assert their dominance across the region. Baghdad, the Abbasid capital, had become a center of culture, science, and trade, flourishing under the caliphate's rule. The caliphate's political stability and prosperity during this period were instrumental in fostering advancements in various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, contributing to what is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age.

In Asia, the Tang Dynasty in China was experiencing a period of stability and prosperity. The Tang emperors had successfully unified China after the disintegration of the Sui Dynasty, and their rule was characterized by a flourishing of culture, trade, and technological innovation. The dynasty's administrative reforms, expansion of the imperial examination system, and engagement in international trade along the Silk Road helped to solidify its power and influence across East Asia. The Tang Dynasty's legacy during this era was instrumental in shaping China's political and cultural landscape for centuries to come.

The reason for this era being deleted is so it could be reworked into 768.

322 BC

A year marked by Chaos and full of ongoing events seeing many previous Major Players/Nations collapse due to internal issues and wars seeing the establishment of multiple new Hegemonies replacing those in place previously,

In The Balkans this saw the end of the Athenian Hegemony, which was in place for Decades or even hundreds of years following the death of Demosthenes and Aristotle who were Athenian philosophers and Advocates against the expansion of Macedonian Influence in southern Greece as well with the defeat of the Athenians in the Lamian Revolt (323 BC, following the death of Alexander, it was a revolt to target and destroy Macedonian Influence in southern Greece by Athens which in the end saw the implementation of a forceful oligarchy and the abolishment of the Athenian Democracy)

Antipater, the current regent of Macedonia continued to solidify his influence and Macedonian control inside Greece and the Northern Balkans

Eastwards the Diadochoi Wars were culminating, seeing the establishment of basic groundwork for their later seperate Hellenistic Kingdoms following the total fragmentation of the Empire Alexander had built.

South to Egypt, Plotemy I Soter began to solidify his control upon the Nile and surrounding Regions and continued to lay his basic groundwork and effort to establish himself as Regent and Future Ruler of Egypt alongside the Plotemaic Dynasty.

Eastwards towards India the Chandragupta Maurya were solidifying their control over India in the years of 322-321 BC, utilising the leftover Power Vacuum to rapidly expand his realms influence in North-West India and surrounding regions, in East India Chandragupta Maurya would defeat the Nanda Dynasty (Considered one of the First Indian Empires) and fully solidify their control over Northern India.

In Persia conflict between Macedonian Generals were rising, specifically between Antigonus and Seleucus on who would be its future Regent/ Leader.

Further East China was still in the middle of their Warring States period, set to last for another 100 or so years, as multiple prominent figures were rising in power, states like Qin ruled by Qin Shi Huang’s predecessors were rapidly rising in powers laying the ground frameworks for the later Unification of the Chinese States in the later 3rd Century BCE.

Overall, several key transitions occurred worldwide: the defeat of Athens in the Lamian War ended the era of the Athenian democracy and welcomed the Macedonian hegemony of Antipater; the death of Aristotle and Demosthenes symbolized the end of an era in Greek philosophy and politics. On the broader scheme, struggles for power among Alexander's generals would shape the contours of the Hellenistic world from Egypt to Persia. In South Asia, meanwhile, Chandragupta Maurya was building his empire, the Maurya Empire, while Rome spread its wings over Italy. The Warring States Period continued in China, with the state of Qin showing a steady rise.